After a decade of women in the U.S. military serving, fighting and dying on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan, the Pentagon is recommending to Congress that women be allowed to serve in more jobs closer to the front lines. 

The change would open up about 14,000 additional jobs to women. 

According to defense officials, the new rules are expected to continue the long-held prohibition that prevents women from serving as infantry, armor and special operations forces. 

But they will formally allow women to serve in other jobs at the battalion level, which until now had been considered too close to combat.

In reality, however, the necessities of war have already propelled women to the front lines – often as medics, military police or intelligence officers. 

So, while a woman could not be assigned as an infantryman in a battalion or in a company going out on patrol, she could fly the helicopter supporting the unit, or move in to provide medical aid if troops were injured. 

The officials said the new rules will formally allow women to be assigned to a battalion and serve in jobs such as medics, intelligence officers, police or communications officers. 

The changes would have the greatest effect on the Army and Marine Corps, which ban women from more jobs than the Navy and Air Force – largely because of the infantry positions.

Defense officials spoke about the report on condition of anonymity because it had not yet been publicly released. 

Though numbers vary by service branch, women make up more than 14 per cent of U.S. armed forces – that is 200,000 women in the active duty force of 1.43 million. 

There long has been opposition to putting them in combat, based on questions of whether women have the necessary strength and stamina, or whether their presence might hurt unit cohesion. 

There also have been suggestions that the American public would not tolerate large numbers of women coming home from war in body bags.

But the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, where battlefield lines are scattered and blurred, and insurgents can be around every corner, have made it almost impossible to keep women clear of combat. 

Some 280,000 women have been sent to Iraq, Afghanistan or to jobs in neighboring nations in support of the wars, roughly 12 per cent of all those who have served there. 

Of the more than 6,300 who have been killed, 144 were women. 

Retired Army Lieutenant Colonel Robert Maginnis said he did not see how the new policy helped the U.S. national security. 

He said: ‘This does not dismiss the sexual tension issues, nor does it dismiss the differences physiologically between men and women in terms of cardiovascular fitness.’

The Service Women’s Action Network’s response was mixed. 

Anu Bhagwati, former Marine Corps captain and executive director of the network, said: ‘On the plus side, this is a huge step in the right direction.’

But she added that it was ‘extremely disappointing’ that the ban would continue on women becoming infantry.

She said: ‘To continue such a ban is to ignore the talents and leadership that women bring to the military, and it further penalises servicewomen by denying them the opportunity for future promotions and assignments that are primarily given to personnel from combat arms specialties.

‘It’s time military leadership establish the same level playing field to qualified women to enter the infantry, special forces and other all-male units.’

The Pentagon report, which initially was due out last spring, comes nearly a year after an independent panel called for the military to lift its ban on women in combat. 

The Military Leadership Diversity Commission said the Pentagon should phase in additional career fields and units that women could be assigned to as long as they are qualified. 

A 1994 combat exclusion policy bans women from being assigned to ground combat units below the brigade level. 

A brigade is roughly 3,500 troops and is made up of battalions, which can be about 800 soldiers. 

So while a woman serving as a communications or intelligence officer can be formally assigned to a brigade, she can’t be assigned to the smaller battalion. 

The military has bent these rules by ‘attaching’ women in those jobs to battalions, which meant they could do the work but not get the credit for being in combat arms. 

And since service in combat gives troops an advantage for promotions and job opportunities, it has been more difficult for women to move to the higher ranks.